Strategic Analysis (PESTEL, Porter and SWOT) of BMW The WritePass Journal

Key Analysis (PESTEL, Porter and SWOT) of BMW Presentation Key Analysis (PESTEL, Porter and SWOT) of BMW IntroductionPolitical factorsEconomical factorsSocial factorsTechnological factorsEnvironmental factors Legal factorsPORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSISThreats of new entrants:Threats of substitutes:Bargaining intensity of buyers:Bargaining intensity of suppliers:Competitive rivalryKEY DRIVERS OF CHANGE CYCLE OF COMPETITIONSTRATEGIC DRIFT RESOURCES Supply costEconomic scaleProduct/process designExperienceSWOT ANALYSIS OF BMWStrength:WeaknessOpportunityThreats KEY SUCCESS FACTORS OF BMWFACTORS THAT MAY CAUSE ULTIMATE DAMAGE DEMISE OF FIRMProbable techniques BMW can reestablish to divert benefits and to hold continuance for the future are: REFERENCESRelated Presentation When there wins elevated level if dubiety because of unpredictability or energetic changes, it gets hard to foresee the outside ecological that may emotional the firm’s procedures. In this way situation examination is done to assess the conceivable perspectives to foresee the associations future business condition (Heijiden, 2006). So as to arrive at this resolution PESTEL examination is done to personality the key drivers of progress that can be utilized to foresee the situations for what's to come. PESTEL represents political, affordable, social, mechanical, natural and legitimate and types of examination of the full scale condition of the association (Thomas, 2007). Political components Political elements feature the plausible governmentâ laws and guidelines, safety efforts and limitations that can apply to the business all in all. The likely factors that influence the car business are: Laws and guidelines had influenced the car business since its upheaval. These laws for the most part rotated around the natural standards that should have been satisfied by any vehicle industry. Subsequently the vehicle producers needed to deal with the ecological issues during assembling of vehicles. Charges and government international strategies are basic for the car business. The international strategies help to us choose the likelihood of accomplishment in the worldwide market. Presentation of new plans in the US and Europe vehicle industry wherein guidelines prompted produce high mileage vehicles alongside increment in car deals and creation (Hill, 2008). Practical components Prudent elements identified with the trade rates, financial development comprehensively and the business setting winning in the business. Financial variables for the business are: a)â â â â There was overabundance limit of vehicles created in this way offering ascend to high measure of income in promoting and new item plans. In this way there was part of income retained despite the fact that request was not as much as flexibly. For instance the UK auto showcase had abundance 80% limit in 2003 which freeze 1.3 billion euro of the vehicle business (autofacts, 2004). b)â â â â Total increment in the GDP all inclusive from 2.0% to 3.1% in the year 2008 (measurements, 2008). c)â â â â â Decrease in the conversion scale if euro has hampered the European vehicle creators in a major manner (Allen, 2006). d)â â â â Economic downturn in the US advertise (Copper, 2008) e)â â â â Surplus capital and purchasing power in the creating economies like India and China and their own development in the worldwide commercial center. Social elements Social components remember the progressions for societies and demo designs all around separated from change in purchasing behavior and limit of the customer. Social elements affecting the vehicle business are: Changes in the client inclination from vehicle being a superficial point of interest to eco-friendliness and low emanation vehicles. Changes in purchasing behavior of the shoppers because of downturn in develop markets. Natural issues and familiarity with the hurtful outflows through cars Innovative components Increment being used of innovation to increase a reasonable serious advertisement vantage Utilization of new and advanced structure to beat the diminished edges in the business. Alterations or limitation on innovation causing natural contamination Ecological elements Expanding impact if familiarity with worldwide notice, nursery impact and burnout among benefactors (association, 2008) Move in consumer’s tastes and inclinations towards utilization of more eco-accommodating vehicles, half breed vehicles, energy unit vehicles and so on. Harsh utilization of the EURO standards set up to check contamination in creating nations. Legitimate variables Limitations and severe contamination standards set up in European and US markets Severe ramifications of the EURO standards in creating nations e,g, development of BHARAT standards on the lines of EURO standards in India(CEN, 2006)â PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Dangers of new participants: Danger of new participant is reliant onâ the difficulties faces during passage into the business or section hindrances. The danger of new participants if there should be an occurrence of car industry is less as enormous capital expense is required to set up an assembling plant and get together liner. Additionally it requires some investment for new contestants to get a spot and the notoriety in the psyches of the purchasers. Dangers of substitutes: BMW has a brand picture of being ground-breaking and sumptuous. It is situated in the selective vehicle go where there exist numerous substitutes for BMW like mercedes, GM and Toyoto. Along these lines the danger of substitutes for BMW is high. Dealing intensity of purchasers: BMW and its rivals are situated as in elite item go. Here the dealing intensity of purchasers is high in light of the fact that the buyers can choose the item as indicated by the value range and purchase the items appropriately. Additionally with ecological issues floating over the business the purchasers have the last say with test substitutes accessible. Bartering intensity of providers: BMW has great flexibly chain the board framework and had involved acquaintance with providers. The dealing intensity of providers is high in this industry as the providers can devote the sticker price for the crude materials. Despite the fact that long time relationship with providers can demonstrate productive, the last word lies pretty much with the providers. Serious contention Industry has cut thoat comptetion for its items, with its items focusing on the portion and postioned along these lines. Serious contention was high in the business with the predominant US and European markets confronting solid competitionâ from the Asian market. KEY DRIVERS OF CHANGE From the PESTEL examination and the five powers investigation, the key drivers of progress are: Gigantic arrangement of framework and labor focused on car industry after the sunset of the subsequent universal war Shopper inclinations for item greatness and cost of possession Utilization of structure as a central resource Mechanical progressions Natural issues Increment in the suggestion a brand the board instead of item greatness Item LIFE CYCLE The ramifications of the five powers examination changes with the business life cycle. The components that underline the business life cycle are improvement stage, development stage, shake-out stage, development stage and decay stage. During fire up the organization is the improvement stage with high separation and development as its advantages followed by development stage where the firm encounters high development with low bartering intensity of purchasers and less danger of new contestants. In the shakeout stage the development is increasingly slow key resources for the firm are its administrative and budgetary exercises. In the development stage the development is practically stale with high passage boundaries, high rivalry yet less unit costs and higher piece of the overall industry. At long last in the decay stage the firm is probably going to confront outrageous contention with the reasonable and passionate methodology key for the firm. BMW was in the development phase of the business life cycle. The development of BMW was stale yet its items like the 1, 3, 5, 7 arrangement having enormous market shareâ and brand character in develop just as creating markets. There were high passage boundaries in examination with BMW. Be that as it may, BMW had extensive piece of the overall industry and notoriety for being a designing greatness, an advantage of BMW in the development stage. Pattern OF COMPETITION Pattern of rivalry underlines the different floats between contenders with time. BMW, the German carmaker had a predictable increment in its yearly deals and had the innovation at its command to counter its rivals in the market. BMW’s upper hand lies in its vital procedures and its structures. The utilization of logical innovation that BMW reestablishes to, can be actualized to increasing higher economies of scale. As far as rivalry BMW has Lexus, Mercedes, Toyoto, GM, Volvo bunch and so on as its opponents in the vehicle business. BMW has its item go from a MINI to a Rolls Royce. In this way its item go fluctuates from an extravagance section to a superior portion in the vehicle business. In the pattern of rivalry any center skills or upper hand is impermanent and in this situation the nearest contender or BMW is the Toyota gathering. Toyota bunch has innovation, creation limit; overall revenues and item go that can give BMW run for their cash. It is likewise a demonstrated item in juvenile market an area. Accordingly BMW can endeavor in the pattern of rivalry through its center skills and upper hand. Key DRIFT Float is attempting to go towards a bearing anyway neglect to do that. This could be fortunate or unfortunate. Vital float is the point at which an organization neglects to work in accordance with ecological changes anyway gradual advancement is confirm yet there is a solid impact of the social and chronicled factors. BMW and its accentuation on brand advancement gradually with the adjustments in nature when it outfoxed rivalry. Anyway the way reliance cleared route for the obtaining of Rover an English brand. This could be because of the organizations requirement for enormous creation and the consid

How FundsForWriters.com Taught Me to be a Successful Writer

How FundsForWriters.com Taught Me to be a Successful Writer Some time ago, there was an author. Shed had over a hundred element articles distributed in different magazines, before she found out about FundsForWriters.com. Hello, Im an essayist! I wager I could scold different authors, and acquire fifty cool ones, she thought. So she ran off an accommodation to the editorial manager, Hope Clark. It was dismissed. She attempted once more. What's more, once more. She needed to pitch multiple times before her fifth accommodation was at long last acknowledged. And still, at the end of the day, the piece appeared to be so not exactly acceptably altered, it brought forth not one but rather two furious publications, consecutive, on the significance of culminating a pitch before submitting making her the main author to have motivated such an event. Expectations words stung her. She couldve quit at that point. She couldve stuffed it all in, pronounced this market unfit for her work, broadcasted its manager insane and never thought back. Harsh grapes? Li kely. Yet, she didnt. That author was me. A year ago, an author had five articles distributed with FundsForWriters.com. Which means almost once every couple of months, you read her name in the pamphlet. She verged on handling a 3-in-3: three acknowledgments in three days. She got one of just two individuals to ever have two component articles distributed in the pamphlet around the same time, a record. That essayist was additionally me. This is my story. Heres how I went from 0 to 5 FFW credits in under a year: 1. I figured out how to alter. I am normally verbose. On the off chance that a thing can be said in four words, I utilize ten. So when requested to incorporate voice, flavor, tales and down to earth tips, all in less than 600 words, I reviled and shook my head. Incomprehensible! In any case, at that point I did it. Multiple times. I coarseness my teeth, solidified my heart against my trademark expressive writing and took a blade to the verbiage. As the word tally dropped, my bank balance climbed. 2. I considered the market. It assisted with buying in to the bulletin for a little while, to perceive an example to the highlights introduced. The rules themselves said all that needed to be said, they couldnt have spread it out any more clear. I observed. 3. I didnt burden myself. Ive composed on differing themes from child rearing to portable upgraded sites. I drew upon my advantage and experience from different fields to apply to composing. No one disclosed to me it couldnt be done, so I didnt let it stop me. I was intense. I faced challenges. Of course, theres a possibility of disappointment, yet in any event I wont lament not attempting. 4. I didnt spread myself excessively far, either. Im online internet based life modest. The sum total of what I have is a blog to exhibit my

Why People With ADHD Have Shame

Why People With ADHD Have Shame ADHD Adult ADD/ADHD Print Dealing With Shame When You Have ADHD By Jacqueline Sinfield facebook twitter Jacqueline Sinfield is an ADHD coach, and the author of Untapped Brilliance, How to Reach Your Full Potential As An Adult With ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Jacqueline Sinfield Updated on January 03, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Mirjana Seba / EyeEm / Getty Images Shame  is an emotion that plays a big part in the lives of people with ADHD. When you feel  shame,  you feel a huge sense of embarrassment and humiliation about who you are.  Shame  and guilt are closely connected;  although subtly different. Feeling ashamed can lead to many problems,  including depression, anxiety, drug and alcohol problems. Here are some common reasons why people with ADHD feel shame. The Shame  of  Having  ADHD Many people feel  shame  for having ADHD. Do you? When you feel ashamed of having ADHD,  you are ashamed of  a  part of yourself.  You try to keep up a facade,  so people wont know your struggles behind the scenes. This can be exhausting and lonely;  because you can’t get the support you need or feel close to the people in your life. It would be great if you could be as comfortable with having ADHD as you are with your eye color. Shame  of Feeling  Different A  lot of people feel  shame  about being different from their peers. Children can feel this more acutely than adults. Children desperately want to fit in with their friends and they dislike things that make them stand out or draw attention to themselves.  Aside from  the behavioral differences that ADHD can bring,  such as hyperactivity, there are other differences  with  having ADHD;  such as having doctor’s appointments or extra help at school. Shame  About  Having  ADHD  Behaviors Having ADHD can affect your behavior in all sorts of ways; such as:  acting impulsively and doing something you feel embarrassed about, not being able to follow a conversation and then feeling ‘stupid’. You might feel ashamed of your home because it is cluttered or because you  may be  always forgetting things. ADHD affects everyone’s behavior differently, but feeling ashamed of it is a common theme. Shame  About  Your  History Do you often think about past failures and feel full of  shame?  - How things didn’t work out with your ex, or the time when your credit card didn’t work, or when you ran out of gas on the highway?  You might find your mind often goes back to those memories and each time,  you relive that  shame. Shame  About  Where You Are Now A common theme I hear from adults with ADHD,  is they don’t like where they are in life. They didn’t reach the milestones they thought  they  would at this age. Perhaps you see your friends reaching life goals that you want too and that causes you  shame  and resentment because you know you are  just  as smart and capable as them. Ways to Heal  Shame Acknowledge that ADHD is a neurological condition and many of the things causing you  shame  are a direct result of having ADHD. When you do this,  it lifts the blame and  shame  you have been inflicting on yourself. Learn as much as you can about ADHD  through support groups, books, podcasts, and blogs. This knowledge and support will help you to know it isn’t just you. Other people with ADHD experience similar things. This can be very empowering to shake the  shame  away. Work with a therapist who is experienced in working with  shame. They can help you process the  shame you feel in your life. Change how you speak to yourself. Compassion neutralizes  shame. Self-compassion in the form of kind self-talk (the way you would to a child or friend) has a positive effect on the body. This step alone will change your life. Write a list of the practical things you can do to reduce the  shame  in your life. For example,  if you feel ashamed every time you arrive late at work, develop a strategy so that you arrive on time.

Duty of care-negligence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1329 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Duty Essay Did you like this example? Under the duty of care, there is another test used by the court in determining whether there is negligence in carrying out the duty of care which lead to the other person suffering from the damage as a consequences of the act. The test said in the above is called the Caparo( composite) test. This test is based on the principle established in the case of Caparo Industries plc V Dickman. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Duty of care-negligence" essay for you Create order In the case, Lord Bridge acknowledged that the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tendency had been reverted to the traditional categories of recognizable situations in the imposition of a duty of care. In accordance to this principle, instead of the plaintiff needing to establish a duty, proving that his situation falls squarely into any of the recognized categories, the plaintiff only needs to established that the duty of care arises in his situation because it accords with existing policy and decisions in other comparable cases.[1] The general rule of this principle is that a plaintiff who suffers physical damage to his property will not have difficulty in establishing a duty of care. This situation is seen in the case of Marc Rich Co AG V British Rock Marine Co Ltd. In the case, it involve a vessel belonging to the first defendant carrying the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cargo. In the mid of the voyage, the ship had developed a crack. The first defendant called in the marine classificat ion society, the third defendant, which then surveyed the ship and eventually gave the ship a certified proof to continue its voyage. Unfortunately, after a several days, the ship sank, in consequence the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cargo which worth about six million pound was lost. Part of the sum was recovered from the first defendant, the balance is claimed from the third defendant.[2] In the case above, it is not difficult to see that the surveyor had acted in negligent while inspecting the ship before giving the green light for the ship to continue its voyage. It is also foreseeable in the case that the said act could possibly cause the ship to sink, causing physical damage suffered by the plaintiff after his goods was lost. But in this case, the House of Lord, in a majority judgment founded that the third defendant did not owe any duty of care, this decision is according to policy factors, primarily insurance plays a bigger role. As a result from the case, the principl e was established in the development, from its establishment the English court are more cautious when faced with cases involving facts showing duty of care and facts not showing the duty of care. By referring to the case of March Rich, it is decided that in cases like this there are three factors that must be fulfilled to established a duty of care. First is the damage is reasonably foreseeable. Second, is there a close and direct relationship of proximity between the plaintiff and the defendant and third, the circumstances as a whole must be such that it is fair, just and reasonable for the imposition of a duty of care. Under the principle, it uses the foreseeable concept to measure, the court will determine whether or not the plaintiff is a foreseeable victim or not. This concept also involve the use of proximity between the parties, is it close enough to satisfy the proximity that is needed to establish the duty of care. In Malaysia, the application of this test is straight forward, in ascertaining the existence of the duty of care. For the first element, an early example of its usage in Malaysia is in the case of Sathu V Hawthornden Rubber Estate Co Ltd. In this case, it involve nineteen heads of cattle which belonged to the plaintiff strayed onto the estate of the defendant while grazing. The estate had been sprayed with sodium arsenate a few days before and resulting in the death of the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cattle grazing in the area of the estate. In this case, the plaintiff alleged the breach of common law duty to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"neighbourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ committed by the defendant under the principle from the case of Donoghue V Stevenson. It was held that the principle cannot be apply in this case because the death of the cattle was not foreseeable because the defendant does not know that the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cattle would stray into the estate.[3] The above case is used in the test that the circumstances must be just an d reasonable, it is the same as in the case of Lok Kwan Moi Ors V Ramli B. Jamil Ors Government of Malaysia. The case involve the arrest of fisherman who are gambling, they all jumped into the river but was arrested in upon reaching the land, but one particular fisherman having difficulty swimming was drown. It was alleged that before the drowning another fisherman was trying to help but was chased off by the police, in the circumstances it was thought to be foreseeable for any reasonable man to foreseen that the fisherman would likely drown. It was held that the policeman and the Government were liable to the death of the fisherman. [4] For the second element, it involve the use of the neighbor principle as used in the case of Donoghue V Stevenson and used in the case of Sathu V Hawthornden Rubber Estate Co Ltd. This can be seen also on the case of Abdul Malik bin Idrus Ors V Tan Jee Han. This case uses the neighbor principles in proving the duty of care of the first appella nt towards the respondent had been breached. This can also be seen in the case of Syarizan bin Sudirman Ors V Abdul Rahman bin Bukit Anor. In this case, it involve the plaintiff receiving injury caused by a pursuing policeman, kicking his motorcycle in order to force him to stop, which caused him to crash and sustain serious injury. The question before the court was whether the policeman had breach his duty of care towards the plaintiff when he kicked the motorcycle, the court in this case found in favor of the plaintiff that the policeman did not exercise care and skill as was reasonable in all circumstances.[5] In the two cases of Abdul Malik bin Idrus Ors V Tan Jee Han and Syarizan bin Sudirman Ors V Abdul Rahman bin Bukit Anor it could also be used in determining the existence of the third element, which is whether the circumstances as whole must be such that it is fair, just and reasonable for the imposition of a duty of care. For example in the two cases, the court established in what situation is the policeman is liable to have breach their duty of care and when do the duty of care is impose on them. There is also questions raised, whether in using this principle does it apply in cases involving damages which is purely economic in nature. In the case of Arab-Malaysian Finance Bhd V Steven Phoa Cheng Loon Ors, it involves the collapse of several block after a continuos rainfall for ten days many lost their lives as a consequence to the collapse. There were three blocks of apartment involve in this litigation, the 2nd and 3rd block brought an action against ten defendants because the first block caused the collapse of the two blocks. Some defendant was dismissed, there is only a few defendant left the local authority, the owner, the engineer, another owner of the adjacent land and the person who provides management services. In this case it did not refer to the case of Uniphone Sdn Bhd V Chin Boon Lit Anor in determining the duty where the loss occasionally was purely economic, in this case it was thought that the foreseeability test and neighbor principle was sufficient in proving the duty of care towards the plaintiffs.[6] [1] [1990] 1 All ER 568, HL [2] [1995] 3 All ER 307, HL [3] [1961] MLJ 318 [4] [1984] 1 MLJ 46 [5] [2010] 8 MLJ 530 [6] [2003] 2 AMR 6, CA

A Formalist Analysis Of Williams Othello - 880 Words

A Formalist Analysis of Williams Shakespeare s Othello, reveals a central theme of friendship and loyalty that veils the truth of envy and betrayal. The main antagonist of the play, Iago, appears to have the trust and friendship of every character,as the are unaware of his grim intentions. Iago is described as kind, good, wise and compassionate, as well as loyal and trustworthy. He masks his evil and is able to display innocence as pure as an angel, resulting in easy manipulation. To our main character, Othello, he is an adviser and a most devoted soldier. To the lieutenant, Michael Cassio, Iago is a wise comrade. To his wife, Emilia and the fair Desdemona he is a scoundrel, but as a man, should be respected. And to Roderigo, Iago is a partner in crime. The relationships and faithfulness of each character to another are dependent on how the play unfolds dramatically in each Act. Act I of the play begins with Roderigo and Iago trying to inform Desdemona s father, Brabantio, that she has married the Moor, Othello against his wishes and they were doing unspeakable things. While Roderigo and Iago would not be exactly defined as friends, they are working together for a benefit. Roderigo is in love with Desdemona but her father has refused her and has shared no feelings of the same interest. Iago wants to be Othello s right-hand man instead of his ancient, and it can be inferred that he sees the relationship as a threat or he just wishes Othello no happiness. Iago uses his

Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes Free Essays

An Economic Analysis of Financial Structure Why do Financial Institutions Exist? (Why is Indirect Finance so Important? ) Chapter 8 Chapter Preview W e take a closer look at why financial institutions exist and how they promote economic efficiency. Topics include: †¢ A Few Basic Facts About Financial Structure †¢ Transaction Costs †¢ Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard Chapter Preview (cont. ) †¢ The Lemons Problem: How Adverse Selection Influences Financial Structure †¢ How Moral Hazard Affects the Choice Between Debt and Equity Contracts †¢ How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets 1 Basic Facts About Financial Structure Throughout the World †¢ The chart on the next slide shows how non-financial business get external funding in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , Germany, Japan, and Canada. †¢ Notice that, although many aspects of these countries are quite different, the sources of financing are somewhat consistent, with the U. S. being different in its focus on debt. Sources of External Finance Copyright  © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-5 Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 1. Stocks are not the most important source of external financing for businesses [Direct Finance] 2. Issuing marketable debt and equity ecurities is not the primary way in which businesses finance their operations [Direct Finance] 2 Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 3. Indirect finance, which involves the activities of financial intermediaries, is m any times more important than direct finance, in which businesses raise funds directly from lenders in financial markets. 4. Financial intermediaries, particularly banks, are the most important source of external funds used to finance businesses. Eight Basic Facts of Financial Str ucture 5. The financial system is among the most heavily regulated sectors of economy. 6. Only large, well -established corporations ave easy access to securities markets to finance their activities. Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 7. Collateral is a prevalent feature of debt contracts for both households and businesses. 8. Debt contracts are typically extremely complicated legal documents that place substantial restrictions on the behavior of the borrowers. 3 W hy is Indirect Finance so Important? †¢ Transactions Cost †¢ Information Cost Transaction Costs †¢ Financial intermediaries to reduce transaction costs (and make profits) through – †¢ Economies of scale †¢ Expertise †¢ Read the municipal bond article. Transaction Costs †¢ Transactions costs ? ? ? E. g. a $5,000 investment only allows you to purchase 100 shares @ $50 / share (equity) No diversification Bonds even worse—most have a $1,000 size 4 Transaction Costs †¢ Financial intermediaries make profits by reducing transactions costs – Take advantage of economies of scale (example: mutual funds) – Develop expertise to lower transactions costs – provide investors with liquidity and diversification Information Costs – Asymmetric Information †¢ symmetric information—the case where all parties to a transaction or contract have the same information. †¢ In many situations, this is not the case. We refer to this as asymmetric information. Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ We will focus on two specific forms of asymmetric information: ? Adverse selection ? Moral hazard 5 Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ Adverse Selection 1. Occurs when one party in a transaction has better information than the other party 2. Before transaction occurs 3. Potential borrowers most likely to produce adverse outcome are ones most likely to seek loan The Lemons Problem: How Adverse Selection Influences Financial Structure †¢ If quality cannot be assessed, the buyer is willing to pay at m ost a price that reflects the average quality Sellers of good quality items will not want to sell at the price for average quality †¢ The buyer will decide not to buy at all because all that is left in the market is poor quality items †¢ This result, when bad quality pushes good quality from the m arket because of an information gap, is known as â€Å"adverse selection† †¢ This problem explains fact 2 and partially explains fact 1 Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ Moral Hazard 1. Occurs when one party has an incentive to behave differently once an agreement is made between parties 2. After transaction occurs 3. Hazard that borrower has incentives to ngage in undesirable (immoral) activities making it more likely that won’t pay loan back 6 Health Insurance †¢ Symmetric Information: Suppose, if you get sick, drugs cost $10,000/year †¢ Everyone has a 1/10 chance of getting sick †¢ Solution – Insurance will be offered at $1,000 per year Health Insurance – Symmetric Information continued †¢ Suppose 10% of the population (2 out of 20) is sickly and has a 50%(1/2) chance of getting sick – independent. †¢ Other 90% (18 people) only has 1/18 chance of getting sick. †¢ This information in known to everyone. †¢ How do you price the insurance? Health Insurance – Symmetric Information ontinued †¢ Sickly types pay? †¢ Healthy types pay? 7 Health Insurance – Asymmetric Information Adverse Selection †¢ Same as previous example, but one’s type (sick or healthy) is private information. Suppose insurance company offers policy at $1,000 per year? Suppose insurance company offers policy at $1,000 per year? †¢ Sickly type happy to save $4,000. †¢ Healthy drop out and go without insurance. †¢ Adverse selection: Bad quality pushes good quality from the market because of an information gap. 8 How about charging less say $555. 56 to everyone? How about charging less say $555. 56 to everyone? Break even on the healthy type, but lose on sickly type. †¢ Only way for insurance company in this case to break even is to charge $5,000 ? Healthy will go without insurance. Adverse Selection and Financial Structure Lemons Problem in Securities Markets †¢ Suppose investors cannot distinguish between good and bad securities, willing to pay only the average of the good and bad securities’ values. †¢ Result: Good securities undervalued and firms won’t issue them; bad securities overvalued, so too many issued. 9 Lemons Problem in Securities Markets †¢ Investors won’t want to buy bad securities, so m arket won’t function well. ? Explains Facts 1 and 2 ? Also explains Fact 6: only large well established firms have access to securities m arkets †¢ Bad quality pushes good quality from the m arket because of an information gap. Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Private Production and Sale of Information ? Free-rider problem interferes with this solution †¢ Government Regulation to Increase Information (explains Fact # 5) Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Financial Intermediation ? Analogy to solution to lemons problem provided by used car dealers ? Avoid free-rider problem by making private loans (explains Fact # 3 and # 4) ? Also explains fact #6—large firms are more likely to use direct instead of indirect financing 10 Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Collateral and Net Worth ? Explains Fact # 7 How Moral Hazard Affects the Choice Between Debt and Equity Contracts †¢ Called the Principal -Agent Problem ? Principal: less information (stockholder) ? Agent: more information (manager) †¢ Separation of ownership and control of the firm ? Managers pursue personal benefits and power rather than the profitability of the firm Tools to help solve the Principal-Agent Problem: †¢ Monitoring ? Expensive †¢ Government regulation to increase information Fact 5 †¢ Financial Intermediation ? Venture capital firms provides the equity and place there own people in management †¢ Debt Contracts ? Reduces the need to monitor as long as borrower is performing. Explains Fact 1, why debt is used more than equity 11 How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets †¢ Even with the advantages just described, debt is still subject to moral hazard. ? Debt may create an incentive to take on very risky projects. How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets †¢ Most debt contracts require the borrower to pay a fixed amount (interest) and keep any ash flow above this amount. †¢ For example, suppose a firm owes $100 in interest, but only has $90? It is essentially bankrupt. The firm â€Å"has nothing to lose† by looking for â€Å"risky† projects to raise the needed cash. Tools to Help Solve Moral Hazard in Debt Contracts Lenders need to find ways ensure that borrower’s do not take on too much risk. ? A good legal contract ? Bonds and loans often carry restrictive covenants †¢ Restrict how funds are used Require minimum net worth, collateral, bank balance, credit rating. †¢ Financial Intermediaries have special advantages in monitoring[Facts 3 and 4] ? 12 STOP HERE!! 13 How to cite Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes, Essay examples

Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes Free Essays

An Economic Analysis of Financial Structure Why do Financial Institutions Exist? (Why is Indirect Finance so Important? ) Chapter 8 Chapter Preview W e take a closer look at why financial institutions exist and how they promote economic efficiency. Topics include: †¢ A Few Basic Facts About Financial Structure †¢ Transaction Costs †¢ Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard Chapter Preview (cont. ) †¢ The Lemons Problem: How Adverse Selection Influences Financial Structure †¢ How Moral Hazard Affects the Choice Between Debt and Equity Contracts †¢ How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets 1 Basic Facts About Financial Structure Throughout the World †¢ The chart on the next slide shows how non-financial business get external funding in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , Germany, Japan, and Canada. †¢ Notice that, although many aspects of these countries are quite different, the sources of financing are somewhat consistent, with the U. S. being different in its focus on debt. Sources of External Finance Copyright  © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-5 Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 1. Stocks are not the most important source of external financing for businesses [Direct Finance] 2. Issuing marketable debt and equity ecurities is not the primary way in which businesses finance their operations [Direct Finance] 2 Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 3. Indirect finance, which involves the activities of financial intermediaries, is m any times more important than direct finance, in which businesses raise funds directly from lenders in financial markets. 4. Financial intermediaries, particularly banks, are the most important source of external funds used to finance businesses. Eight Basic Facts of Financial Str ucture 5. The financial system is among the most heavily regulated sectors of economy. 6. Only large, well -established corporations ave easy access to securities markets to finance their activities. Eight Basic Facts of Financial Structure 7. Collateral is a prevalent feature of debt contracts for both households and businesses. 8. Debt contracts are typically extremely complicated legal documents that place substantial restrictions on the behavior of the borrowers. 3 W hy is Indirect Finance so Important? †¢ Transactions Cost †¢ Information Cost Transaction Costs †¢ Financial intermediaries to reduce transaction costs (and make profits) through – †¢ Economies of scale †¢ Expertise †¢ Read the municipal bond article. Transaction Costs †¢ Transactions costs ? ? ? E. g. a $5,000 investment only allows you to purchase 100 shares @ $50 / share (equity) No diversification Bonds even worse—most have a $1,000 size 4 Transaction Costs †¢ Financial intermediaries make profits by reducing transactions costs – Take advantage of economies of scale (example: mutual funds) – Develop expertise to lower transactions costs – provide investors with liquidity and diversification Information Costs – Asymmetric Information †¢ symmetric information—the case where all parties to a transaction or contract have the same information. †¢ In many situations, this is not the case. We refer to this as asymmetric information. Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ We will focus on two specific forms of asymmetric information: ? Adverse selection ? Moral hazard 5 Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ Adverse Selection 1. Occurs when one party in a transaction has better information than the other party 2. Before transaction occurs 3. Potential borrowers most likely to produce adverse outcome are ones most likely to seek loan The Lemons Problem: How Adverse Selection Influences Financial Structure †¢ If quality cannot be assessed, the buyer is willing to pay at m ost a price that reflects the average quality Sellers of good quality items will not want to sell at the price for average quality †¢ The buyer will decide not to buy at all because all that is left in the market is poor quality items †¢ This result, when bad quality pushes good quality from the m arket because of an information gap, is known as â€Å"adverse selection† †¢ This problem explains fact 2 and partially explains fact 1 Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard †¢ Moral Hazard 1. Occurs when one party has an incentive to behave differently once an agreement is made between parties 2. After transaction occurs 3. Hazard that borrower has incentives to ngage in undesirable (immoral) activities making it more likely that won’t pay loan back 6 Health Insurance †¢ Symmetric Information: Suppose, if you get sick, drugs cost $10,000/year †¢ Everyone has a 1/10 chance of getting sick †¢ Solution – Insurance will be offered at $1,000 per year Health Insurance – Symmetric Information continued †¢ Suppose 10% of the population (2 out of 20) is sickly and has a 50%(1/2) chance of getting sick – independent. †¢ Other 90% (18 people) only has 1/18 chance of getting sick. †¢ This information in known to everyone. †¢ How do you price the insurance? Health Insurance – Symmetric Information ontinued †¢ Sickly types pay? †¢ Healthy types pay? 7 Health Insurance – Asymmetric Information Adverse Selection †¢ Same as previous example, but one’s type (sick or healthy) is private information. Suppose insurance company offers policy at $1,000 per year? Suppose insurance company offers policy at $1,000 per year? †¢ Sickly type happy to save $4,000. †¢ Healthy drop out and go without insurance. †¢ Adverse selection: Bad quality pushes good quality from the market because of an information gap. 8 How about charging less say $555. 56 to everyone? How about charging less say $555. 56 to everyone? Break even on the healthy type, but lose on sickly type. †¢ Only way for insurance company in this case to break even is to charge $5,000 ? Healthy will go without insurance. Adverse Selection and Financial Structure Lemons Problem in Securities Markets †¢ Suppose investors cannot distinguish between good and bad securities, willing to pay only the average of the good and bad securities’ values. †¢ Result: Good securities undervalued and firms won’t issue them; bad securities overvalued, so too many issued. 9 Lemons Problem in Securities Markets †¢ Investors won’t want to buy bad securities, so m arket won’t function well. ? Explains Facts 1 and 2 ? Also explains Fact 6: only large well established firms have access to securities m arkets †¢ Bad quality pushes good quality from the m arket because of an information gap. Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Private Production and Sale of Information ? Free-rider problem interferes with this solution †¢ Government Regulation to Increase Information (explains Fact # 5) Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Financial Intermediation ? Analogy to solution to lemons problem provided by used car dealers ? Avoid free-rider problem by making private loans (explains Fact # 3 and # 4) ? Also explains fact #6—large firms are more likely to use direct instead of indirect financing 10 Tools to Help Solve Adverse Selection Problems †¢ Collateral and Net Worth ? Explains Fact # 7 How Moral Hazard Affects the Choice Between Debt and Equity Contracts †¢ Called the Principal -Agent Problem ? Principal: less information (stockholder) ? Agent: more information (manager) †¢ Separation of ownership and control of the firm ? Managers pursue personal benefits and power rather than the profitability of the firm Tools to help solve the Principal-Agent Problem: †¢ Monitoring ? Expensive †¢ Government regulation to increase information Fact 5 †¢ Financial Intermediation ? Venture capital firms provides the equity and place there own people in management †¢ Debt Contracts ? Reduces the need to monitor as long as borrower is performing. Explains Fact 1, why debt is used more than equity 11 How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets †¢ Even with the advantages just described, debt is still subject to moral hazard. ? Debt may create an incentive to take on very risky projects. How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets †¢ Most debt contracts require the borrower to pay a fixed amount (interest) and keep any ash flow above this amount. †¢ For example, suppose a firm owes $100 in interest, but only has $90? It is essentially bankrupt. The firm â€Å"has nothing to lose† by looking for â€Å"risky† projects to raise the needed cash. Tools to Help Solve Moral Hazard in Debt Contracts Lenders need to find ways ensure that borrower’s do not take on too much risk. ? A good legal contract ? Bonds and loans often carry restrictive covenants †¢ Restrict how funds are used Require minimum net worth, collateral, bank balance, credit rating. †¢ Financial Intermediaries have special advantages in monitoring[Facts 3 and 4] ? 12 STOP HERE!! 13 How to cite Chapter 8 Mishkin Notes, Essay examples

Kant The Problem of Modern Philosophy Essay Example

Kant The Problem of Modern Philosophy Essay Metaphysics in Kants Work In Immaneul Kants work, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, the principle idea or question of discussion is whether or not metaphysics is possible.Although this is clearly the objective of his argument, the author is not concerned with constructing metaphysics.Rather he uses this question as a method of articulating the problem of modern philosophy, for by creating an inquiry of the theory of metaphysics one is forced to examine its conditions of possibility.This problem of modern philosophy is based on the gap between the phenomenal and the noumenal, or the experience of reality and the knowledge of reality, as illustrated by the renowned empiricist, David Hume.According to Hume, we are fundamentally limited to the phenomenal, holding only our impressions as true based on perception.In contrast, Kant introduced the idea that the mind leaves an impression on perception, which illustrates cooperation between the mind and experience based on their conformity, t! hus explaining know ledge.This innate form has been given to us, and through time and space we are allowed a certain amount of flexibility within boundaries.The genius of Kant lies in the fact that he created an image of reality that was not possible with Hume, for he instilled a level of confidence through recognition of our limits.Therefore, the significance of Kants work is that it portrays the parameters within the mind, which in effect turns Humes skepticism into positive reinforcement of experience. It was Humes belief that you must have experience to have anything at all, for existence must be perceived through impression.The problem of this lies within the fact that our knowledge is restricted to appearances, for we will never know the true nature of things as they are in themselves. Moral law in Kants Conception Kant identifies something as the moral law as it is this purity that Kant acknowledges to exist withoutfirst needing to be perceived (which would therefore rely on that perception to validate it), and rightly claims as the absolute.He further argues that since this true and pure is omnipresent, then it is humanitys duty to hold itself to it, no matter how the inclination or desire to reason away from, or to ignore it, may tempt us.Kant then concludes that since it is this moral law that all beings are based, it is thusly imperative for the collective method, which we so direly depend upon to interpret and utilize the universe, should at its roots solely rely upon that knowledge given to us innately, and not upon empirical and anthropological grounds. Kant identifies this moral law by recognizing the innate sense of duty bestowed upon every being. That there must be such a [pure] philosophy is evident from the common idea of duty and of moral laws.Everyone must admit that if a law is to be morally valid, i.e., is to be valid as a ground of obligation, then it must carry with it absolute necessity. If a being has this idea of duty, of the need to fulfill, it is obvious that it should and must live in accordance to that obligation at every moment and in every way.The concept of survival in the animal kingdom supports this idea well.If we examine an animal and its daily activities, such as hunting for food, protecting its territory, and mating among others, we observe a duty in that animal to stay alive, to see another day. We will write a custom essay sample on Kant The Problem of Modern Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kant The Problem of Modern Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kant The Problem of Modern Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Those who have a Kantian way of thought believe in the universal laws which is when something is commonly known as right or wrong. People like this believe that an action has moral worth if it is done as the right thing to do. In this situation, the right thing to do would be to not cheat on the test because it is commonly known that cheating on a test is wrong. Kantians dont think too much about the consequences of the action or the effects it will have on others. They believe that people should treat others the way they want to be treated. For example, would you want someone in your class to cheat on a test when you’ve worked hard studying? This is known as the Categorical Imperative.

Free Essays on A Prayer for Owen Meany

for Owen and his needs. Also, the author uses his â€Å"prayers for Owen† to illustrate to the audience that this man who is so rare must be a gift of God and must be prayed about and often reflected upon. He is a sign of the holy and the supernatural. The setting of the book is in many places because of the author’s erratic flavor in which he chooses to reminisce. In most scenes, the author tells of his life in the late 40’s / early 50’s in Gravesend, New Hampshire. The author himself is writing from his home in 1987 in Toronto, Canada, however most action takes place in his flashbacks occurring in and around Gravesend, (whether it be the Academy, 80 Front Street, or The Meany Granite Quarry.) What is significant about Gravesend is that it is an extremely older town founded by Mayflower descendents, many of which belong to the families of the town’s elite, aristocratic older society. The Wheelwright family can be traced back to the town’s founders, and John’s grandmother is considered an aristocrat of Gravesend. The main theme centers around the emerging theme of religious faith and doubt. John struggles throughout the book to resolve his religious faith with his skepticism and doubt, but at the end of the novel he isn’t required to make a real choice between the two extremes. John begins the novel by saying that Owen is the reason that he is a Christian man, and the rest of the novel explains his reasoning. It also themes around courage and belief through the means of faith. To John, Owen’s existence is a miracle and Owen is a distinct proof of God’s existence.... Free Essays on A Prayer for Owen Meany Free Essays on A Prayer for Owen Meany The title A Prayer for Owen Meany is referred upon several times throughout the story. The author uses the â€Å"prayers for Owen† by illustrating the reverend’s difficulty to create proper words for Owen and his needs. Also, the author uses his â€Å"prayers for Owen† to illustrate to the audience that this man who is so rare must be a gift of God and must be prayed about and often reflected upon. He is a sign of the holy and the supernatural. The setting of the book is in many places because of the author’s erratic flavor in which he chooses to reminisce. In most scenes, the author tells of his life in the late 40’s / early 50’s in Gravesend, New Hampshire. The author himself is writing from his home in 1987 in Toronto, Canada, however most action takes place in his flashbacks occurring in and around Gravesend, (whether it be the Academy, 80 Front Street, or The Meany Granite Quarry.) What is significant about Gravesend is that it is an extremely older town founded by Mayflower descendents, many of which belong to the families of the town’s elite, aristocratic older society. The Wheelwright family can be traced back to the town’s founders, and John’s grandmother is considered an aristocrat of Gravesend. The main theme centers around the emerging theme of religious faith and doubt. John struggles throughout the book to resolve his religious faith with his skepticism and doubt, but at the end of the novel he isn’t required to make a real choice between the two extremes. John begins the novel by saying that Owen is the reason that he is a Christian man, and the rest of the novel explains his reasoning. It also themes around courage and belief through the means of faith. To John, Owen’s existence is a miracle and Owen is a distinct proof of God’s existence....

Caesars Gallic Wars and Vercingetorix

Caesar's Gallic Wars and Vercingetorix One of Gauls most colorful historical figures is Vercingetorix, who acted as war chief for all the Gallic tribes who were trying to throw off the Roman yoke during the Gallic Wars. Vercingetorix and Caesar are the main figures in Book VII of De Bello Gallico, Caesars narrative about his wars in Gaul, although the Roman allies, the Aedui, also play a large role. This period of revolt follows the earlier Gallic battles at Bibracte, Vosges, and Sabis. By the end of Book VII Caesar has put down the Gallic revolt. The following is a summary of Book VII of De Bello Gallico, with some explanatory notes. Vercingetorix, son of Celtillus, a member of the Gallic tribe of Arverni, sent ambassadors out to Gallic tribes not yet allied with him asking them to join him in his endeavor to get rid of the Romans. By peaceful means or by attacking, he added troops from the Gallic tribes of the Senones (the tribe connected with the band of Gauls responsible for the sack of Rome in 390 B.C.), Parisii, Pictones, Cadurci, Turones, Aulerci, Lemovice, the Ruteni, and others to his own armed forces. Vercingetorix had used the Roman system of demanding hostages to ensure loyalty and ordered a levy of troops from each of these groups. He then took supreme command. He tried to ally the Biturgies, but they resisted and sent ambassadors to the Aedui for help against Vercingetorix. The Biturgies were dependents of the Aedui and the Aedui were allies of Rome (Brothers and Kinsmen of the Roman People 1.33). The Aedui started to help but then turned back perhaps because, as they said, they suspected the Biturgi es of complicity with the Arverni. Perhaps because they lacked the support of the Aedui, the Biturgies gave in to Vercingetorix. It is possible the Aedui already planned to revolt against Rome. When Caesar heard about the alliance, he realized it was a threat, so he left Italy and set out for Transalpine Gaul, a Roman province since 121 B.C., but he didnt have his regular army, although he did have some German cavalry and troops he had in Cisalpine Gaul. He had to figure out how to reach the main forces without putting them in danger. Meanwhile, Vercingetorix ambassador, Lucterius, continued to gain allies. He added the Nitiobriges and Gabali and then headed to Narbo, which was in the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, so Caesar headed to Narbo, which made Lucterius retreat. Caesar changed his direction and advanced into the territory of the Helvii, then on to the borders of the Arverni. Vercingetorix marched his troops there in order to defend his people. Caesar, no longer able to do without the rest of his forces, left Brutus in command while he went to Vienna where his cavalry was stationed. Next stop was the Aedui, one of Romes main allies in Gaul, and where two of Cae sars legions were wintering. From there, Caesar sent word to the other legions of the danger presented by Vercingetorix, ordering them to come to his assistance ASAP. Vellaunodunum When Vercingetorix learned what Caesar was doing, he headed back to the Biturgies and then to the non-allied Boiian town of Gergovia in order to attack it. Caesar sent ahead messages to the Boii to encourage them to resist. Heading towards the Boii, Caesar left two legions at Agendicum. En route, at the Senones town of Vellaunodunum, Caesar decided to attack so there wouldnt be an enemy on his heels. He also figured he would take the opportunity to gain provisions for his troops. Especially during the winter when there was little to forage, having food could decide the outcome of a battle. Because of this, allied towns that werent potential enemies at ones back might still be destroyed to make sure the enemy army starved or retreated. This is what Vercingetorix would soon develop as one of his main policies. After Caesars troops surrounded Vellaunodunum, the town sent out their ambassadors. Caesar ordered them to surrender their weapons and to bring out their cattle and 600 hostages. With arrangements made and Trebonius left in charge, Caesar set out for Genabum, a Carnute town that had been preparing to send troops to help Vellaunodum fight, Caesar. The Romans pitched camp and when the townspeople tried to escape at night via a bridge across the Loire River, Caesars troops took possession of the town, pillaged and burned it, and then headed across the Loire bridge into the Biturgies territory. Noviodunum This move prompted Vercingetorix to stop his siege of Gergovia. He marched towards Caesar who was beginning a siege of Noviodunum. Noviodunum ambassadors begged Caesar to pardon them and spare them. Caesar ordered their weapons, horses, and hostages. While Caesars men went into town to gather up the arms and horses, Vercingetorix army appeared on the horizon. This inspired the people of Noviodunum to take up arms and shut the gates, backing down from their surrender. Since the people of Noviodunum were going back on their word, Caesar attacked. The town lost a number of men before the town surrendered again. Avaricum Caesar then marched to Avaricum, a well-fortified town in the Biturgies territory. Before responding to this new threat, Vercingetorix called a war council, telling the other leaders that the Romans must be kept from getting provisions. Since it was winter, foraged provisions were hard to come by and the Romans would have to leave. Vercingetorix suggested a scorched-earth policy. If a property lacked a good defense it would be burned. In this way, they destroyed 20 of their own Biturgies towns. The Biturgies begged that Vercingetorix not burn their noblest city, Avaricum. He relented, reluctantly. Vercingetorix then set up camp 15 miles from Avaricum and whenever Caesars men went foraging at a distance, some of Vercingetorix men attacked them. Caesar meanwhile built towers but could not build a wall around the city, as he would have wished, because it was enclosed by rivers and marshes. Caesar besieged the town for 27 days building towers and walls while the Gauls built countering devices. The Romans finally had success with a sudden attack, which frightened many of the Gauls into flight. And so, the Romans entered the town and massacred the inhabitants. About 800 in Caesars reckoning escaped to reach Vercingetorix. Caesars troops found ample provisions, and by this time winter was almost over. Vercingetorix was able to calm the other leaders despite all the recent disasters. Especially in the case of Avaricum, He could say the Romans didnt defeat them by valor but by a new technique the Gauls hadnt seen before, and besides, he might have said, he had wanted to torch Avaricum but had only left it standing because of the pleas of the Biturgies. The allies were appeased and supplied Vercingetorix with replacement troops for those he had lost. He even added allies to his roster, including Teutomarus, the son of Ollovicon, the king of the Nitiobriges, who was a friend of Rome on the basis of a formal treaty (amicitia). Aeduan Revolt The Aedui, Romes allies, came to Caesar with their political problem: their tribe was led by a king who held power for a year, but this year there were two contenders, Cotus and Convitolitanis. Caesar was afraid that if he didnt arbitrate, one side would turn to Vercingetorix for support of its cause, so he stepped in. Caesar decided against Cotus and in favor of Convitolitanis. He then asked the Aedui to send him all their cavalry plus 10,000 infantry. Caesar split his army and gave Labienus 4 legions to lead north, towards the Senones and Parisii while he led 6 legions into Arverni country towards Gergovia, which was on the banks of the Allier. Vercingetorix broke down all bridges over the river, but this proved only a temporary set-back for the Romans. The two armies pitched their camps on opposite banks and Caesar rebuilds a bridge. Caesars men headed to Gergovia. Meanwhile, Convictolitanis, the man Caesar had chosen to be king of the Aedui, treacherously conferred with the Arverni, who told him that the Aeduans holding out was preventing the allied Gauls from being victorious against the Romans. By this time the Gauls realized their freedom was at stake and having the Romans around to arbitrate and help them against other invaders meant the loss of freedom and heavy demands in terms of soldiers and supplies. Between such arguments and bribes made to the Aedui by the allies of Vercingetorix, the Aedui were convinced. One of those in on the discussion was Litavicus, who was put in charge of the infantry being sent to Caesar. He headed towards Gergovia, providing protection for some Roman citizens on the way. When they were near Gergovia, Litavicus riled up his troops against the Romans. He falsely claimed the Romans had killed some of their favorite leaders. His men then tortured and killed the Romans under their protection. Some rode off to th e other Aeduan towns to convince them to resist and avenge themselves on the Romans, as well. Not all Aeduans agreed. One in the company of Caesar learned of Litavicus actions and told Caesar. Caesar then took some of his men with him and rode to the army of the Aedui and presented to them those very men they thought the Romans had killed. The army lay down its arms and submitted themselves. Caesar spared them and marched back towards Gergovia. Gergovia When Caesar finally reached Gergovia, he surprised the inhabitants. At first, all was going well for the Romans in the conflict, but then fresh Gallic troops arrived. Many of Caesars troops did not hear when he called for a retreat. Instead, they continued to fight and try to plunder the city. Many were killed but they still did not stop. Finally, ending the days engagement, Vercingetorix, as the victor, called off the fight for the day when new Roman legions arrived. Adrian Goldsworthy says an estimated 700 Roman soldiers and 46 centurions were killed. Caesar dismissed two important Aeduans, Viridomarus and Eporedorix, who went to the Aeduan town of Noviodunum on the Loire, where they learned that further negotiations were being made between the Aeduans and the Arvernians. They burned the town so the Romans couldnt feed themselves from it and began to build up armed garrisons around the river. When Caesar heard of these developments he thought he should put down the revolt quickly before the armed force grew too large. This he did, and after his troops had surprised the Aeduans, they took the food and cattle they found in the fields and then marched off to the territory of the Senones. Meanwhile, other Gallic tribes heard of the revolt of the Aedui. Caesars very competent legate, Labienus, found himself surrounded by two newly rebelling groups and so needed to move out his troops by stealth. The Gauls under Camulogenus were tricked by his maneuvers and then defeated in a battle where Camulogenus was slain. Labienus then led his men to join Caesar. Meanwhile, Vercingetorix had thousands of cavalry from the Aedui and Segusiani. He sent other troops against the Helvii whom he defeated while he led his mena and allies against the Allobroges. To deal with Vercingetorix attack against the Allobroges, Caesar sent for cavalry and light-armed infantry help from the Germanic tribes beyond the Rhine. Vercingetorix decided the time was right to attack the Roman forces whom he judged to be inadequate in number, as well as encumbered with their baggage. The Arverni and allies divided into three groups to attack. Caesar divided his troops in three, too, and fought back, with the Germans obtaining a hilltop formerly in Arverni possession. The Germans pursued the Gallic enemy to the river where Vercingetorix was stationed with his infantry. When the Germans started to kill the Averni, they fled. Many of Caesars enemies were slaughtered, Vercingetorix cavalry was routed, and some of the tribal leaders were captured. Alesia Vercingetorix then led his army to Alesia. Caesar followed, killing those he could. When they reached Alesia, the Romans surrounded the hilltop city. Vercingetorix sent out mounted troops to go to their tribes to round up all those old enough to bear arms. They were able to ride through the places where the Romans hadnt yet completed their fortification. The fortifications were not just a means to contain those within. The Romans put torturous devices on the outside that could injure an army pressing against it. The Romans needed some to gather timber and food. Others worked on building the fortifications, which meant Caesars troop strength was diminished. Because of this, there were skirmishes, although Vercingetorix was waiting for Gallic allies to join him before a full-fledged fight against Caesars army. The Arvernian allies sent fewer than asked, but still, a great number of troops, to Alesia where they believed the Romans would easily be defeated by the Gallic troops on two fronts, from within Alesia and from those newly arriving. The Romans and Germans stationed themselves both inside their fortifications to fight those in the city and outside to fight the newly arriving army. The Gauls from outside attacked at night by throwing things from a distance and alerting Vercingetorix to their presence. The next day the allies came closer and many were injured on the Roman fortifications, so they withdrew. The next day, the Gauls attacked from both sides. A few Roman cohorts left the fortifications and circled round to the rear of the outer enemy whom they surprised and slaughtered when they tried to flee. Vercingetorix saw what had happened and gave up, surrendering himself and his weapons. Later Vercingetorix would be displayed as a prize in Caesars triumph of 46 B.C. Caesar, generous to the Aedui and Arverni, distributed Gallic captives so that every soldier throughout the army received one as plunder. Source: The Gallic Menace in Caesars Propaganda, by Jane F. Gardner Greece Rome  © 1983.

Position review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Position review - Essay Example from advocating fully for their children`s rights, thus there is need to educate them.3)a)in paragraph three, inability of the parents of children with disabilities to understand terminologies has been brought out clearly. Teachers, therapists, health professionals, and even child advocates who provide services to these children often use terminologies and specialized language and forget that the parents cannot understand them including the most astute. b) In paragraph three, the writer states that even the most astute parents cannot understand the acronyms used by the professionals. Therefore the parents fail to understand them due to lack of knowledge and they feel embarrassed about that (Wilmshurst and Alan 241). c) In paragraph five, the writer makes appeals that include the use of simple language that the parents can easily understand and also parents accessing websites that can assist in understanding the various acronyms used in special education.4) the passage is more persuas ive in paragraph five, where the writer comes up with ways in which the problem could be solved where special educators can be made aware of the problem and then they communicate with the parents in manner that they are likely to understand. Parents are also encouraged to access websites that can assist them in understanding the various terminologies used (Wilmshurst and Alan 208).5) The writer has created an active voice. The use of active voice is appropriate as it tries to enlighten the problems the parents of children with disabilities face and what can be done to assist them by the special educators.by use of active voice the writer creates adequate ethos.6) The writer makes use of pathos by highlighting the problems the parents of children with disabilities go through while trying to understand special educators, who use acronyms that can hardly be understood by the parents.7)There is need for parents of children with disabilities to learn special education as it is unique and has

A Critical Assessment of an Agency or Funding Regime that promotes Essay - 1

A Critical Assessment of an Agency or Funding Regime that promotes physical regeneration - Essay Example ese agencies and their functioning toward the uplift of the regional economy, it would be interesting to study and understand what urban regeneration is all about and how it evolved. Urban areas are essentially dynamic in nature. Socio-economic factors, environmental and physical factors all interplay and interact together to generate changes in their structures. Moreover, an urban area experiences thrusts from outside which necessitates adaptation to changes while internal dynamics and pressure try to withstand such changes or accept those resulting in either prosperity or decline. Though each problem may not be unique to a specific rural area, yet each challenge requires a distinctive approach towards the generation and implementation of its solution. Since the beginning, urban areas have always performed a variety of functions, offering shelter, providing infrastructure and opportunities for trade and commerce and opportunities for social interaction, being a few of those. As time passed, the importance of each need changed necessitating the requirement for new infrastructure, more space, more facilities for business etc. These changes in the physical structure and functioning of a town and its social life are inevitable since the town has to reorganise itself to meet the changing demands. These changes are also beneficial in a somewhat indirect way since these changes also make fresh demands for improvement of infrastructure and facilities so that the community within an urban area is forced to adjust itself to the new demands and work towards providing better opportunities for growth and progress. The relation between social deprivation and meagre physical infrastructure and facilities had long been an accepted fact and legislations and policies were implemented for improved infrastructure for health and better living conditions. It was gradually realised that merely improving health and living conditions will not contribute significantly towards the

American Graffiti Essay -- essays research papers

American Graffiti (1973) This classic move focuses on a single night in the early Sixties, the hopeful future of the main characters is followed by the events which occur. Steve (Ron Howard), and Curt (Richard Dreyfuss) will be leaving for college the very next day, the build up of years of hard work. Finally they'll be able to leave their small hometown and "spread their wings", experiencing life in ways they never have. Curt is unattached to anyone, but Steve will be leaving behind his longtime girlfriend Laurie (Cindy Williams), who happens to be Curt's sister. Also remaining at home are Terry (Charles Martin Smith), a fumbling nerd, and John (Paul Le Mat), an older kid with "the fastest car in the valley". The two main things that kid's focused on in 1962, it was cars and music. Everyone who's anyone cruises the strip in their shiny automobiles and while they're doing that they're listening to Wolfman Jack on the radio. Music is an integral part of this group, defining its moods, fears, desires and feeding from the same emotions. Curt, a scholarship winner, is filled with doubt regarding his future. Everything that he's ever done has been aimed at college, yet now the moment is upon him Curt wonders if instead he should take time off. Symbolic of this uncertainty is a blonde in a white T-bird; elusive and enchanting she always slips away from Curt when he nears. In contrast, Steve is (if a...

Favorite Painting by Picasso

Have you ever gone to the museum and glanced at paintings but had to do a double take because a painting grabbed your attention so strongly? This is what happened to me when I saw the painting by Pablo Picasso entitled Mother and Child 1901. This painting was done during what was called the Blue Period. â€Å"Picasso Blue Period was in 1900 and ended in 1904. † (unknown, Pablo Picasso Blue Period 1901-1904, 2009) All of his paintings during this period were created in shades of blue and blue-green with other colors occasionally. Picasso had many paintings that had the same title UT in different time periods.Paintings by Picasso brought out warm and loving feelings in my heart. This one particular had me to think of the Joys of being a mother. I chose this painting by Picasso because it is warm and loving. You can see and feel how much the mother and child loved and cared for each other by their embrace. The mother clothed in a dark blue wrap that covers her head and continues around her body; has her right hand softly touching the back of her child's head. She is delicately bending down towards the child as she kisses him/her on the ordered. It is hard to tell if the child is a boy or girl.The child is in a light blue gown with matching slippers. His/her head is tilted upward to welcome the kiss from his/ her mother. It appears that the child has brought the mother a piece of fruit. Based on the colors of orange and pale yellow, it could possibly be an orange, mango or peach. The mother has a basket next to the black rocking chair she is sitting in. There is a white cloth in the basket along with some thread and scissors. It looks like the child brought the fruit while the mother was sewing. The child may have wanted his/ her mother to take a break and eat something.When I first saw this painting, I thought of Mary and Jesus. It evoked feelings in me of warmth, love and pure Joy. As I look at the way the mother expresses the love for her child, I can put myself in her place and feel how much she loves her child. I can feel my hand embracing the soft hair on the child's head and the soft kiss being placed on his/her forehead. To me the blue color of her wrap evokes the feeling of comfort. I can also feel the child's heart being warmed from the kiss he/she receives room the mother. The mother has her eyes closed as she kisses the child on his/her forehead.I can see that the kiss is a result of the fruit that the child has brought to her. In this painting it appears that the child is in his/her night clothing and is preparing for bed as the mother is busy sewing a piece of clothing in the basket. I can feel that this special moment between mother and child is a soft and loving moment. Pablo Picasso has many paintings that have the women seem to have a religious resemblance to Mary and the child possibly to Jesus. I can see that Picasso held elision as an important part of most of his paintings.I felt that Picasso viewed this painting as one of love from a mother to a child and vice versa. He painted the love of them as beautiful and distinctively warmly. I love how the child shows that he/she loves the attention his/her mother is giving and love they express between them. If I was a mother and alive in Picasso time, I would have asked him to paint a portrait of me and my children. Perhaps I will come across a painting from this century that resembles Picasso and it will make me feel warm and full of love as well.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1170 Words

The Great Gatsby â€Å"The Great Gatsby† By F. Scott Fitzgerald is the tale of the glamorous lifestyle of the 1920s. Following World War I, America entered the roaring economic boom called the â€Å"roaring twenties.† The novel follows the life of Jay Gatsby through the eyes of his friend, and narrator, Nick Carraway. The American dream is based on living well, and earning money. Michael Schudson from Oxford University American Literary History describes the American dream as the idea â€Å"anyone, with hard work according to the rules, has a reasonable prospect of succeeding in life.†(566). Meanwhile, Jay Gatsby’s life revolves around the American dream of wealth and extravagance. However, critics argue if Gatsby is a good representation of the American dream. George Wilson, a hardworking mechanic, is a more accurate representation of the American Dream. Unlike Gatsby, Wilson earns his living honestly, pursues his dream, and aims for happiness despite the hardships. This essay will prove why Jay Gatsby isn’t an accurate portrayal of the American dream. This essay will be spilt into three main sections, a counterclaim, and conclusion. The first main section will discuss Gatsby’s dream of Daisy compared to Wilson’s dream of earning through his repair shop. The following section will discuss Gatsby’s illegal wealth compared to Wilson’s shop. Lastly, Gatsby’s hardships will be compared to Wilson’s. The counterclaim will discuss how Gatsby fits the idea of the American dream followed by aShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1170 Words F. Scott Fitzgerald s, The Great Gatsby, is set in the Roaring Twenties on Long Island in the towns of fashionable East Egg where people with old money live, and it’s sister island West Egg where those who are have worked for their wealth and aspire to live on East Egg reside. Men have the power and authority, and women are expected to fulfill their roles as wives and caretakers. The narrator Nick Carraway has just moved to West Egg, and his only connections to begin with are his fanciful cousin Daisy Buchanan and her husband Tom. His neighbour, Jay Gatsby is an affluent man who throws lavish parties for what seems no reason. At dinner with Daisy, Nick meets Daisy’s old friend and independant golf star, Jordan Baker, who reveals that Gatsby’s parties are his attempt to reconnect with Daisy, his great love. Fitzgerald uses Daisy and Jordan to illustrate how, in a patriarchal society, women can only gain agency through deception. Daisy is using the assumption that she is innocent and oblivious in order to protect herself from emotional injury, and from the consequences her actions could hold. Tom, Nick, Jordan, Gatsby, and Daisy are in the city in a hotel suite. Tom and Gatsby began fighting over Daisy, and who she loved.â€Å"She hesitated. Her eyes fell on Jordan and me with a sort of appeal, as though she realised at last what she was doing - as though she had never, all along, intended doing anything at all.† (132). Daisy has been terrified of the consequences due toShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that